#!/bin/bash
#
# Copyright (c) 2008 Technetra Corp
# 
# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person
# obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation
# files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without
# restriction, including without limitation the rights to use,
# copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
# copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
# Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following
# conditions:
# 
# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
# included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
# 
# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
# EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES
# OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
# NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT
# HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY,
# WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
# FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR
# OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
#
echo "Please place your Bluetooth audio device into pairing mode, then press <Enter>"
read
echo "Scanning for Bluetooth audio device..."
scan=`hcitool scan | sed 's/^\s*//' | grep -v 'Scanning'`
line=$scan
if [[ "`echo "$scan" | wc -l`" -gt "1" ]]; then
  echo "select device:"
  save_ifs=$IFS
  IFS="
"
  select line in $scan; do
    #echo got $line
    break
  done
  IFS=$save_ifs
fi
BT_BDADDR=`echo $line | awk '{print $1}'`
[[ -z "$BT_BDADDR" ]] && echo no bluetooth device found && exit
echo "Selected bluetooth device: $BT_BDADDR"
# => e.g., 00:11:22:33:44:55
 
echo "Writing new ~.asoundrc..."
cat >> ~/.asoundrc <<EOD
pcm.bt_audioraw {
        type bluetooth
        device $BT_BDADDR
        profile "auto"
}
pcm.bt_audio {
	type plug
        slave.pcm "bt_audioraw"
        hint {
            show on
            description "Bluetooth audio device"
        }
}
EOD
 
echo "Getting default adapter..."
_BT_ADAPTER=`dbus-send --system --print-reply --dest=org.bluez / \
    org.bluez.Manager.DefaultAdapter|awk '/object path/ {print $3}'`
BT_ADAPTER=${_BT_ADAPTER//\"/}
echo "$BT_ADAPTER"
 
echo "Removing any stale Bluetooth audio device:"
_OLD_BT_DEVICE=`dbus-send --system --print-reply --dest=org.bluez $BT_ADAPTER \
    org.bluez.Adapter.FindDevice string:$BT_BDADDR|awk '/object path/ {print $3}'`
OLD_BT_DEVICE=${_OLD_BT_DEVICE//\"/}
dbus-send --system --print-reply --dest=org.bluez $BT_ADAPTER \
    org.bluez.Adapter.RemoveDevice objpath:$OLD_BT_DEVICE
 
echo "Creating Bluetooth audio device:"
_BT_DEVICE=`dbus-send --system --print-reply --dest=org.bluez $BT_ADAPTER \
    org.bluez.Adapter.CreateDevice string:$BT_BDADDR|awk '/object path/ {print $3}'`
BT_DEVICE=${_BT_DEVICE//\"/}
echo "$BT_DEVICE"
 
# optional: echo "Connecting -- BlueZ applet will prompt for pin..."
# optional: dbus-send --system --print-reply --dest=org.bluez \
# optional:     $BT_DEVICE org.bluez.AudioSink.Connect
#
# NOTE: if the above dbus-send is NOT executed, then a pairing
# request for an A2DP device will be initiated the first time
# the ALSA virtual device bt_audio is used. Otherwise, when
# "AudioSink.Connect" is executed, a pairing request to the device
# will be initiated immediately and then ALSA will subsequently use
# this paired connection for playing sound through bt_audio. Executing
# "AudioSink.Connect" is useful for preparing devices ahead of time
# to avoid undesired delays and to avoid pairing mode timeouts.
# 
# Also note that a device conforming to the headset profile (HSP)
# does not support "AudioSink.Connect". However, this script (without
# running "AudioSink.Connect") will still work because BlueZ will
# request pairing when "Adapter.CreateDevice" is executed for HSP
# devices. You can check out your device's specific capabilities
# using sdptool.
 
#echo "Test sound sample..."
#aplay -D bt_audio your_sound_file.wav

#!/usr/bin/env ruby
#
# rename.rb is a Ruby version of the popular Perl command found in many
# modern Linux distributions.
#
# rename.rb was adapted from Larry Wall and Robin Barker's similar Perl
# script. This version, however, supports Ruby- instead of Perl-style
# filename transformations. Of particular interest in the Ruby script
# is the fact that an internal variable 'f', representing the current
# filename being renamed, is exposed on the external command line to
# the caller. This leads to the potential application of interesting
# Ruby-based side effects involving passive or active manipulation of
# the filename or the contents of the file while it is being renamed.
#
# For example, clever if somewhat silly transformations of filenames
# can be accomplished.  You can turn all the files in a directory into
# their natural palindromes with the command:
#
#   ./rename.rb -n 'concat(f.chop.reverse)' *
#
# In this command, the -n option tells rename not to actually perform
# the rename, but only to show what would have been done. The command
# 'concat(f.chop.reverse)' is enclosed in quotes (due to the embedded
# parentheses) and applied to each filename in turn. Finally, the
# filenames to be renamed comprise the remaining arguments on the command
# line. In this case the shell glob expression * tells shell to produce
# a list of all the file and directory names in the current directory
# and provide this list as arguments to rename.rb.
#
# The following command adds the md5sum of the contents of the file to
# the new name of the corresponding file:
#
#   ./rename.rb -n 'concat("."+`md5sum #{f}|cut -d" " -f 1`).chomp' *
#
# Lower-casing each file or directory name in a directory is accomplished
# by this simple command:
#
#   ./rename.rb -n downcase *
#
# Like Perl's version, this script will not rename a file if the
# transformed filename is the same as the original filename unless
# --force is requested. Instead, the program will silently resume
# processing any remaining filenames.
#
# The options for rename.rb:
#
#     -v, --verbose
#          Print names of files successfully renamed
#     -n, --no-act
#          Show which files would have been renamed, but do not actually perform the action
#     -f, --force
#          Overwrite existing files
#
# If filenames are not provided, rename.rb will read names from standard input.
#
# Copyright (c) 2008 Technetra Corp
#
# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person
# obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation
# files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without
# restriction, including without limitation the rights to use,
# copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
# copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
# Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following
# conditions:
#
# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
# included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
#
# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
# EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES
# OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
# NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT
# HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY,
# WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
# FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR
# OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
#
require 'optparse'
 
verbose = no_act = force = op = nil
OptionParser.new do |opts|
  opts.banner = "Usage: rename.rb [options]"
  opts.on("-v", "--verbose", "Run verbosely") { |v| verbose = v }
  opts.on("-n", "--[no-]no-act", "Show what files would have been renamed") { |n| no_act = n }
  opts.on("-f", "--force", "Force, overwrite existing files") { |f| force = f }
end.parse!
 
verbose = true if no_act
op = ARGV.shift
 
if (argvcopy = ARGV).empty?
    print "reading filenames from STDIN\n" if verbose
    argvcopy = STDIN.read.split("\n")
end
 
argvcopy.each { |f|
    was = f
    f = eval("f.dup.#{op}")
    next if was == f # ignore quietly
    if File.exist?(f) and !force
	print  "#{was} not renamed: #{f} already exists\n"
    elsif no_act or File.rename(was, f)
	print "#{was} renamed as #{f}\n" if verbose
    else
	print "Can't rename #{was} #{f}: $!\n"
    end
}

#!/bin/bash
#
# serialize_with_cache demonstrates an approach to serializing
# and de-serializing arbitrary data in bash.  This version explores
# the use of a cache to accelerate conversion of characters in the
# serialization string. The cache improves serialization performance
# on typical text by about 25%. However, performance is still quite
# slow so that string serialization using native bash mechanisms
# remains infeasible for anything but small datasets. 
#
# A simple way to run the script is by invoking:
#
#     ./serialize_with_cache.sh
#
# serialize_with_cache then runs a small self-test harness. The test
# exercises several small string serializations and de-serializations
# and then times a cycle of deflating and re-inflating the contents of
# a common system file (read only, of course) as well as measuring the
# performance speed-up due to cache effects.
# 
# Copyright (c) 2008 Technetra Corp
# 
# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person
# obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation
# files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without
# restriction, including without limitation the rights to use,
# copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
# copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
# Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following
# conditions:
# 
# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
# included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
# 
# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
# EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES
# OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
# NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT
# HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY,
# WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
# FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR
# OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
#
PASSED=0
TOTAL=0
I=1
MRU[0]="za61"
CACHE_SIZE=200
find_char_no_cache() {
  #sleep 1
  local hex_result=$1
  local in_char=$2
  local hex_digits1 hex_digits2=(0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F)
  if [[ "$in_char" > $'\x6f' ]]; then
    hex_digits1=(7 8 9 A B C D E F)
  elif [[ "$in_char" > $'\x5f' ]]; then
    hex_digits1=(6)
  elif [[ "$in_char" > $'\x4f' ]]; then
    hex_digits1=(5)
  elif [[ "$in_char" > $'\x3f' ]]; then
    hex_digits1=(4)
  elif [[ "$in_char" > $'\x2f' ]]; then
    hex_digits1=(3)
  elif [[ "$in_char" > $'\x1f' ]]; then
    hex_digits1=(2)
  else
    hex_digits1=(0 1)
  fi
  local finished=0
  local c t targ hxi hxj
  for hxi in ${hex_digits1[@]}; do
    for hxj in ${hex_digits2[@]}; do
      c=$hxi$hxj
      #t="`eval echo z\$\'\\\x$c\'z`"
      t="`echo -e "z\x${c}z"`"
      targ=${t:1:1}
      if [[ "$in_char" == "$targ" ]]; then
        #echo "matched character index $c"
        finished=1
        break
      fi
    done
    [[ $finished -eq 1 ]] && break
  done
  eval $hex_result=$c
} 
find_char_with_cache() {
  #sleep 1
  local hex_result=$1
  local in_char=$2
  local j=$(((I+(CACHE_SIZE-1))%CACHE_SIZE))
  while [[ j -ne I%CACHE_SIZE ]]; do
    m="${MRU[j]}"
    if [[ "$m" ]]; then
      j=$(((j+(CACHE_SIZE-1))%CACHE_SIZE))
      if [[ "${m:1:1}" == "$in_char" ]]; then
        eval $hex_result=${m:2:2}
        #echo "got cache hit \"$in_char\""
        I=$((I%CACHE_SIZE))
        MRU[I++]="`echo -e "z$in_char${m:2:2}"`"
        return
      fi 
    else
      #echo "missed cache for \"$in_char\""
      break
    fi
    #sleep 1
  done 
  local hex_digits1 hex_digits2=(0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F)
  if [[ "$in_char" > $'\x6f' ]]; then
    hex_digits1=(7 8 9 A B C D E F)
  elif [[ "$in_char" > $'\x5f' ]]; then
    hex_digits1=(6)
  elif [[ "$in_char" > $'\x4f' ]]; then
    hex_digits1=(5)
  elif [[ "$in_char" > $'\x3f' ]]; then
    hex_digits1=(4)
  elif [[ "$in_char" > $'\x2f' ]]; then
    hex_digits1=(3)
  elif [[ "$in_char" > $'\x1f' ]]; then
    hex_digits1=(2)
  else
    hex_digits1=(0 1)
  fi
  local finished=0
  local c t targ hxi hxj
  for hxi in ${hex_digits1[@]}; do
    for hxj in ${hex_digits2[@]}; do
      c=$hxi$hxj
      #t="`eval echo z\$\'\\\x$c\'z`"
      t="`echo -e "z\x${c}z"`"
      targ=${t:1:1}
      if [[ "$in_char" == "$targ" ]]; then
        #echo "matched character index $c"
        finished=1
        I=$((I%CACHE_SIZE))
        MRU[I++]="`echo -e "z$targ$c"`"
        break
      fi
    done
    [[ $finished -eq 1 ]] && break
  done
  eval $hex_result=$c
}
deflate() {
  local result=$1
  local s="$2"
  local which_find_char=$3
  local i=0 deflated out_hex
  local c="${s:i++:1}"
  while [[ "$c" ]]; do
    $which_find_char out_hex "$c"
    deflated=$deflated$out_hex
    c="${s:i++:1}"
  done 
  eval $result=$deflated
}
inflate() {
  local result=$1
  local hex_string=$2 
  local i=0 inflated t targ
  local h=${hex_string:i:2}
  i=$((i+2))
  while [[ "$h" ]]; do
    #t="`eval echo z\$\'\\\x$h\'z`"
    t="`echo -e "z\x${h}z"`"
    targ=${t:1:1}
    [[ "$targ" == '"' ]] && targ='\"'
    inflated="$inflated$targ"
    h=${hex_string:i:2}
    i=$((i+2))
  done
  eval "$result=\"$inflated\""
}
test_serialize () {
  local in_orig="$1"
  local which_find_char=${2:-find_char_with_cache}
  local stat hex copy
  deflate hex "$in_orig" $which_find_char
  inflate copy $hex
  if [[ "$in_orig" == "$copy" ]]; then
    stat=passed
    ((PASSED++))
  else
    stat=failed
  fi
  ((TOTAL++))
  echo "$stat test $TOTAL (cache=$which_find_char), hex=$hex, original=\"$in_orig\""
}
time_file () {
  echo "timing serialization for file $1..."
  test_serialize "$(cat $1)" $2
}
###
### MAIN
###
test_serialize "a\"c"
test_serialize "a\'c"
test_serialize "$(echo -e " a\n\tb")"
test_serialize "'%' in a prerequisite of a pattern rule stands for the same stem that was matched by the"
time_file /etc/passwd
echo "checking performance improvement due to cache..."
# built-in bash reserved word, time, requires execution in a subshell to capture its stderr
# output
export TIMEFORMAT=%3R
t1=`(time test_serialize "$(head -n 25 /etc/passwd)" >/dev/null) 2>&1`
echo "continuing..."
t2=`(time test_serialize "$(head -n 25 /etc/passwd)" find_char_no_cache >/dev/null) 2>&1`
# use integer arithmetic and add leading 1 to guard against misinterpretation
# as octal because of leading zeros
l1=${#t1}
l2=${#t2}
max=$((l1>l2?l1:l2))
pad=100000
pad=${pad:0:max}
z1=${pad:0:max-l1+1}${t1/./}
z2=${pad:0:max-l2+1}${t2/./}
echo "TEST SUMMARY: passed $PASSED of $TOTAL tests" \
     "(cache speed-up approx: $((((z2-z1)*100)/(z2-pad)))%)"
# end serialize_with_cache

#!/bin/bash
#
# serialize demonstrates an approach to serializing and de-serializing
# arbitrary data entirely within the native facilities of bash.
# Performance, however, is sufficiently slow that this approach is
# infeasible for anything but small datasets.
#
# A simple way to run the script is by invoking:
#
#     ./serialize.sh 
#
# serialize then runs a small self-test harness. The test includes a
# timing cycle of deflating and re-inflating the contents of the file
# holding the script itself as well as serializing the entire ASCII
# sequence except for x'00'. Although performance is painfully slow,
# the demonstration exposes scripting techniques for sophisticated data
# handling including advanced array manipulation, as well as binary
# and hex string processing. Cache effects are explored in a second,
# related script named serialize_with_cache.
# 
# Copyright (c) 2008 Technetra Corp
# 
# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person
# obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation
# files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without
# restriction, including without limitation the rights to use,
# copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
# copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
# Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following
# conditions:
# 
# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
# included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
# 
# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
# EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES
# OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
# NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT
# HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY,
# WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
# FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR
# OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
#
PASSED=0
TOTAL=0
find_char() {
  local hex_result=$1
  local in_char=$2
  local hex_digits1 hex_digits2=(0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F)
  if [[ "$in_char" > $'\x6f' ]]; then
    hex_digits1=(7 8 9 A B C D E F)
  elif [[ "$in_char" > $'\x5f' ]]; then
    hex_digits1=(6)
  elif [[ "$in_char" > $'\x4f' ]]; then
    hex_digits1=(5)
  elif [[ "$in_char" > $'\x3f' ]]; then
    hex_digits1=(4)
  elif [[ "$in_char" > $'\x2f' ]]; then
    hex_digits1=(3)
  elif [[ "$in_char" > $'\x1f' ]]; then
    hex_digits1=(2)
  else
    hex_digits1=(0 1)
  fi
  local finished=0
  local c t targ hxi hxj
  for hxi in ${hex_digits1[@]}; do
    for hxj in ${hex_digits2[@]}; do
      c=$hxi$hxj
      #t="`eval echo z\$\'\\\x$c\'z`"
      t="`echo -e "z\x${c}z"`"
      targ=${t:1:1}
      if [[ "$in_char" == "$targ" ]]; then
        finished=1
        break
      fi
    done
    [[ $finished -eq 1 ]] && break
  done
  eval $hex_result=$c
}
deflate() {
  local result=$1
  local s="$2"
  local i=0 deflated out_hex
  local c="${s:i++:1}"
  while [[ "$c" ]]; do
    find_char out_hex "$c"
    deflated=$deflated$out_hex
    c="${s:i++:1}"
  done 
  eval $result=$deflated
}
inflate() {
  local result=$1
  local hex_string=$2 
  local i=0 inflated t targ
  local h=${hex_string:i:2}
  i=$((i+2))
  while [[ "$h" ]]; do
    #t="`eval echo z\$\'\\\x$h\'z`"
    t="`echo -e "z\x${h}z"`"
    targ=${t:1:1}
    [[ "$targ" == '"' ]] && targ='\"'
    inflated="$inflated$targ"
    h=${hex_string:i:2}
    i=$((i+2))
  done
  eval "$result=\"$inflated\""
}
test_full_hex_table() {
  local hex_string=$1 
  local i=0 inflated t hex stat=failed
  local h=${hex_string:i:2}
  i=$((i+2))
  while [[ "$h" ]]; do
    t="`echo -e "z\x${h}z"`"
    inflated="$inflated${t:1:1}"
    h=${hex_string:i:2}
    i=$((i+2))
  done
  deflate hex "$inflated"
  if [[ "$hex_string" == "$hex" ]]; then
    stat=passed
    ((PASSED++))
  fi
  ((TOTAL++))
  echo -n "$stat test $TOTAL, hex=$hex, original=\"$(echo $inflated | cat -v)\"\n"
}
test_file_content() {
  local s="$1"
  local i=0 deflated out_hex inflated t hex stat=failed
  local c="${s:i++:1}"
  while [[ "$c" ]]; do
    find_char out_hex "$c"
    deflated=$deflated$out_hex
    c="${s:i++:1}"
  done 
  i=0
  local h=${deflated:i:2}
  i=$((i+2))
  while [[ "$h" ]]; do
    t="`echo -e "z\x${h}z"`"
    inflated="$inflated${t:1:1}"
    h=${deflated:i:2}
    i=$((i+2))
  done
  deflate hex "$inflated"
  if [[ "$deflated" == "$hex" ]]; then
    stat=passed
    ((PASSED++))
  fi
  ((TOTAL++))
  echo "$stat test $TOTAL, hex=$hex, original=\"$s\""
}
test_serialize () {
  local in_orig="$1"
  local stat hex copy
  deflate hex "$in_orig"
  inflate copy $hex
  if [[ "$in_orig" == "$copy" ]]; then
    stat=passed
    ((PASSED++))
  else
    stat=failed
  fi
  ((TOTAL++))
  echo "$stat test $TOTAL, hex=$hex, original=\"$in_orig\""
}
time_file () {
  local file=$1
  echo "timing serialization on file $file, may take several minutes..."
  time test_file_content "$(cat $file)"
}
time_full_hex_range () {
  local hex_digits=(0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F)
  local copy hstr
  for hxi in ${hex_digits[@]}; do
    for hxj in ${hex_digits[@]}; do
      [[ $hxi == "0" && $hxj == "0" ]] || hstr=$hstr$hxi$hxj
    done
  done
  echo "timing serialization of fully populated (except NULL) ASCII table..."
  time test_full_hex_table $hstr
}
###
### MAIN
###
test_serialize "a\"c"
test_serialize "a\'c"
test_serialize "$(echo -e " a\n\tb")"
test_serialize "'%' in a prerequisite of a pattern rule stands for the same stem that was matched by the"
time_file $0
time_file /etc/passwd
time_full_hex_range
echo "TEST SUMMARY: passed $PASSED of $TOTAL tests"
# end serialize

#!/bin/bash
#
# bashtail simulates a simple version of tail written in bash.
# A simple way to run the script is by invoking:
#
#     bashtail -n NUMBER_OF_LINES_TO_SHOW SOME_INPUT_FILE
#
# bashtail uses a circular buffer to retain the last n lines
# read from stdin or from a file. The buffer is written out in
# proper order when the input stream is finished.
#
# The script demonstrates the proper use of local namespaces
# and it modularizes the work of the program through
# functional decomposition. To allow a function to pass
# back a return value, a technique similar to globbing in
# Perl is used. The function wishing to set a return value
# evals a variable name, provided as a string by the caller,
# into the caller's symb